Kinds of naming taboo
* The ''naming taboo of the state'' discouraged the use of the emperor's given name and those of his ancestors. For example, during the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang's given name Zheng was avoided, and the first month of the year "Zheng Yue" was rewritten into "Zheng Yue" and furthermore renamed as "Duan Yue" . The character 正 was also pronounced Zeng instead of Zheng to avoid any similarity. Generally, ancestor names going back to seven generations were avoided. The strength of this taboo was reinforced by law; transgressors could expect serious punishment for writing an emperor's name without modifications. In 1777, Wang Xihou in his dictionary criticized the Kangxi dictionary and wrote the Qianlong Emperor's name without leaving out any stroke as required. These disrespects resulted in his and his family's executions and confiscation of their property.
* The ''naming taboo of the clan'' discouraged the use of the names of one's own ancestors. In diplomatic documents and letters between clans, each clan's naming taboos were observed.
* The ''naming taboo of the holinesses'' discouraged the use of the names of respected people. For example, writing Confucius' name was taboo during the .
Methods to avoid offence
There were three ways to avoid using a taboo character:
* Changing the character to another one which usually was a synonym or sounded like the character being avoided. For example, the Xuanwu Gate of the Forbidden City was renamed as "Shenwu" in order to avoid the Kangxi Emperor's name Xuanye .
* Leaving the character as a blank.
* Omitting a stroke in the character, especially the final stroke.
Naming taboo in history
Throughout Chinese history, there were emperors whose names contained common characters who would try to alleviate the burden of the populace in practicing name avoidance. For example, Emperor Xuan of Han, whose given name Bingyi contained two very common characters, changed his name to Xun , a far less common character, with the stated purpose of making it easier for his people to avoid using his name. Similarly, Emperor Taizong of Tang, whose given name Shimin also contained two very common characters, ordered that name avoidance only required the avoidance of the characters ''Shi'' and ''Min'' in direct succession and that it did not require the avoidance of those characters in isolation. However, his son Emperor Gaozong of Tang effectively made this edict of Emperor Taizong ineffective after his death by requiring the complete avoidance of the characters ''Shi'' and ''Min'', necessitating the Li Shiji to change his name to Li Ji.
The custom of naming taboo had a built-in contradiction: without knowing what the emperors' names were one could hardly be expected to avoid them, so somehow the emperors' names had to be informally transmitted to the populace to allow them to learn them in order to avoid them. In one famous incident in 435, during the Northern Wei Dynasty, Goguryeo ambassadors made a formal request that the imperial government issue them a document containing the emperors' names so that they could avoid offending the emperor while submitting their king's petition. Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei agreed and issued them such a document. However, the mechanism of how the regular populace would be able to learn the emperors' names remained generally unclear throughout Chinese history.
Since every reign of every dynasty had its own naming taboos, the study of naming taboos can help date an ancient text.
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